News and activities at Norma Marion Alloway Library, Trinity Western University

Month: February 2018 (Page 2 of 2)

New Titles Tuesday, February 20

Here is a selection of the 72 books added to the collection in the past week.

This batch includes new BC Open Textbook titles. Our open textbooks are openly licensed using a Creative Commons license, and are offered in various e-book formats free of charge, or print on demand books available at cost. There are currently 228 titles in the collection which covers the top 40 first & second year subject areas in BC’s public post-secondary institutions.  Searching OneSearch with the corporate name “BCcampus”, or the collection name “BC Open Textbook”  or “BC Open Textbook Project” should bring up the entire set of titles.   The collection was funded by the BC Ministry of Advanced Education and managed by BCcampus.

Click on a title for more information; TWU login may be required.

BUSINESS

Principles of marketing  [electronic resource]. Principles of Marketing teaches the experience and process of actually doing marketing – not just the vocabulary. It carries five dominant themes throughout in order to expose students to marketing in today’s environment.

COMMUNICATION

Professional communications OER  [electronic resource]: Modules 1-4 : overiew /by the Olds College OER Development Team. “This is a series of modules intended for use in Higher Education courses or by independent learners. This resource is useful for instructors whose courses cover introductory communication skills, workplace communication, technical communication, or business writing. It contains four modules (Foundations, Writing, Presentations, and Interpersonal), each with its own lesson plans, assessments, and supporting materials.

COMPUTING

Beginning Excel  [electronic resource] /Noreen Brown, Barbara Lave, Julie Romey, Mary Schatz, Diane Shingledecker. This textbook was written for a community college introductory course in spreadsheets utilizing Microsoft Excel. While the figures shown utilize Excel 2016, the textbook was written to be applicable to other versions of Excel as well. The book introduces new users to the basics of spreadsheets and is appropriate for students in any major who have not used Excel before.

EDUCATION

B.C. open textbook print on demand guide  [electronic resource] /Lauri Aesoph. The BC Open Textbook Print on Demand Guide is an in-progress (open creation) practical manual on the what, why, and how of creating your own hard copy textbook of any openly licensed textbook found in the B.C. Open Textbook Collection. However, these same steps can be used to create a print-on-demand textbook from other collections providing you have access to the correct file types. This guide will be updated as new information, practices and processes are developed”.

BC open textbook authoring guide  [electronic resource]: a guide to authoring & adapting open textbooks /Lauri Aesoph and Amanda Coolidge. This book is a practical guide to adapting or creating open textbooks using the PressBooks platform. It is continually evolving as new information, practices and processes are developed. The primary audience for this book are faculty who are participating in the B.C. Open Textbook project. However, there may be content within this book that is useful to others working on similar Open Educational Resource initiatives.

Web literacy for student fact-checkers  [electronic resource] /by Mike Caulfield. This is an unabashedly practical guide for the student fact-checker. It supplements generic information literacy with the specific web-based techniques that can get you closer to the truth on the web more quickly. We will show you how to use date filters to find the source of viral content, how to assess the reputation of a scientific journal in less than five seconds, and how to see if a tweet is really from the famous person you think it is or from an impostor. We’ll show you how to find pages that have been deleted, figure out who paid for the web site you’re looking at, and whether the weather portrayed in that viral video actual matches the weather in that location on that day. We’ll show you how to check a Wikipedia page for recent vandalism, and how to search the text of almost any printed book to verify a quote. We’ll teach you to parse URLs and scan search result blurbs so that you are more likely to get to the right result on the first click. And we’ll show you how to avoid baking confirmation bias into your search terms. In other words, we’ll teach you web literacy by showing you the unique opportunities and pitfalls of searching for truth on the web. Crazy, right?

FILM STUDIES

Exploring movie construction and production  [electronic resource]: what’s so exciting about movies? /John Reich. Exploring Movie Construction and Production covers theme, genre, narrative structure, character portrayal, story, plot, directing style, cinematography, and editing. Important terminology is defined and types of analysis are discussed and demonstrated. An extended example of how a movie description reflects the setting, narrative structure, or directing style is used throughout the book to illustrate building blocks of each theme. This approach to film instruction and analysis has proved beneficial to increasing students’ learning, while enhancing the creativity and critical thinking of the student.

FINE ARTS

Complete works of Giotto /Luciano Bellosi.

GEOGRAPHY

World regional geography  [electronic resource] /Caitlin Finlayson. World Regional Geography presents an overview of the discipline by introducing students to key themes and concepts in the discipline of geography through a study of the world’s regions. This text emphasizes depth over breadth by arranging each chapter around a central theme and then exploring that theme in detail as it applies to the particular region.The theme of globalization and inequality unites all of the regions discussed. This core focus enables students to draw connections between regions and to better understand the interconnectedness of our world.

HEALTH SCIENCES

Health case studies  [electronic resource]: toward closing the healthcare communication gap /Glynda Rees, Rob Kruger, Janet Morrison. Health Case Studies is composed of eight separate health case studies that align with the open textbooks Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care and Anatomy and Physiology: OpenStax. Each case study includes the patient narrative or story that models the best practice (at the time of publishing) in healthcare settings. Associated with each case is a set of specific learning objectives to support learning and facilitate educational strategies and evaluation. The case studies can be used online in a learning management system, in a classroom discussion, in a printed course pack or as part of a textbook created by the instructor. This flexibility is intentional and allows the educator to choose how best to convey the concepts presented in each case to the learner. Because these case studies were primarily developed for an electronic healthcare system, they are based predominantly in an acute healthcare setting.

HISTORY

Power and status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 /by Inge Mennen. Based on epigraphic, literary and legal materials, the author deals with issues such as the third-century development of emperorship, the shift in power of the senatorial elite and the developing position of senior military officers and other high equestrians. By analyzing the various senior power-holders involved in Roman imperial administration by social rank, this book presents new insights into the diachronic development of imperial administration, appointment policies and socio-political hierarchies between the second and fourth centuries AD.

LITERATURE

Peace shall destroy many /Rudy Henry Wiebe ; introduction, J.M. Robinson ; general editor, Malcolm Ross. Rudy Wiebe’s celebrated first novel about religious intolerance, Peace Shall Destroy Many takes place in a Mennonite community, its elements are universal, delineating the way young idealism rebels against staid tradition, as a son clashes with his father. In the face of violent confrontations between beliefs all over the world, the novel remains as compelling now as it was nearly forty years ago.

PHILOSOPHY

A concise introduction to logic  [electronic resource] /Craig DeLancey. Concise Introduction to Logic is an introduction to formal logic suitable for undergraduates taking a general education course in logic or critical thinking, and is accessible and useful to any interested in gaining a basic understanding of logic. This text takes the unique approach of teaching logic through intellectual history; the author uses examples from important and celebrated arguments in philosophy to illustrate logical principles. The text also includes a basic introduction to findings of advanced logic. As indicators of where the student could go next with logic, the book closes with an overview of advanced topics, such as the axiomatic method, set theory, Peano arithmetic, and modal logic. Throughout, the text uses brief, concise chapters that readers will find easy to read and to review.

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide /Gerd Theissen and Annette Merz ; [translated by John Bowden from the German].  After surveying the quest for the historical Jesus, it assesses the sources, non-Christian and Christian, for Jesus. Then it examines the historical, chronological, geographical and social setting of his activity and some of his major characteristics-as charismatic, prophet, healer, poet, and teacher. All this leads on to studies of the passion and resurrection and the beginnings of Christology. Each section discusses a specific topic in the clearest possible terms, using tables and diagrams where relevant. The main results of scholarly research are given with explanations of how they relate to a wider whole.

SCIENCES

Environmental biology  [electronic resource] /Matthew R. Fisher, editor ; OpenStax, Kamala Dorsner, Alexandra Geddes, Tom Theis, Jonathan Tomkin. Environmental Biology enables students to develop a nuanced understanding of today’s most pressing environmental issues. This text helps students grasp the scientific foundation of these issues so that they can better understand the world around them and their impact upon it. This open textbook covers the most salient environmental issues, from a biological perspective. The text is designed for an introductory-level college science course. Topics include the fundamentals of ecology, biodiversity, pollution, climate change, food production, and human population growth.

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Global women’s issues  [electronic resource]: women in the world today /Bureau of International Information Programs, United States Department of State ; Dr. Janni Aragon, Dr. Mariel Miller. This book is based on the twelve critical areas of concern identified in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995.  This extended version of Global Women’s Issues: Women in the World Today includes, for each chapter, a summary, key words, multiple choice questions, discussion questions, essay questions, and a list of additional resources.

My decade at Old Sun, my lifetime in hell /Arthur Bear Chief. My Decade at Old Sun, My Lifetime of Hell is a simple and outspoken account of the sexual and psychological abuse that Arthur Bear Chief suffered during his time at Old Sun Residential school in Gleichen on the Siksika Nation. In a series of chronological vignettes, Bear Chief depicts the punishment, cruelty, abuse, and injustice that he endured at Old Sun and then later relived in the traumatic process of retelling his story at an examination for discovery in connection with a lawsuit brought against the federal government. Although the terrific adversity Bear Chief faced in his childhood made an indelible mark on his life, his unyielding spirit is evident throughout his story.

“Speaking my truth”: reflections on reconciliation & residential school /selected by Shelagh Rogers, Mike DeGagné, Jonathan Dewar, Glen Lowry. Following the success of an earlier edition, this volume has been revised and re-edited for scholastic and academic purposes. These essays, which shed light on the lived and living experiences and legacies of Residential Schools, are offered in the sincere hope that your reading and discussion of them will become part of a much needed dialogue on reconciliation in Canada.

Forty years ago today – Fraser Hall

February 17, 1978 ground-breaking for a three-storey, 68-unit student residence complex . L to R: Mark Maxwell, student body president; Mr. Ray Nelson, Dr. Neil Snider; Dr. Robert Thompson; Rev. Ken Lawrence,

February 17, 1978: Ground-breaking for Fraser Hall, named for the explorer Simon Fraser. The residence was to be ready for occupancy in time for the fall term. Archival records indicate that an Open House and Dedication were planned for Sunday, November 5, 1978.

 

New Titles Tuesday, February 13

Here is a selection of the 15 new books added to the collection in the past week. Click on a title for more information. TWU

ECONOMICS

The Oxford handbook of Christianity and economics /edited by Paul Oslington.  This book, edited by a leader in the new interdisciplinary field of economics and religion and with contributions by experts on different aspects of therelationship between economics and Christianity, maps the current state of scholarship and points to new directions for the field. It covers the history of the relationship between economics and Christianity, economic thinking in the main Christian traditions, and the role of religion in economic development, as well as new work on the economics of religious behavior and religious markets and topics of debate between economists and theologians.It is essential reading for economists concerned with the foundations of their discipline, historians, moral philosophers, theologians seeking to engage with economics, and public policy researchers and practitioners.

HISTORY

The power of prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the end of an old order in Java, 1785-1855 /Peter Carey. National hero, Javanese mystic, pious Muslim and leader of the ‘holy war’ against the Dutch between 1825 and 1830, the Yogyakarta prince, Dipanagara (1785-1855, otherwise known as Diponegoro), is pre-eminent in the pantheon of modern Indonesian historical figures. The Power of Prophecy is a major study which sets Dipanagara’s life history against the context of the turbulent events of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century when the full force of European imperialism hit Indonesia propelling the twin forces of Islam and Javanese national identity into a fatal confrontation with the Dutch. The book presents a detailed analysis of Dipanagara’s pre-war visions and aspirations as a Javanese Ratu Adil (‘Just King’) based on extensive reading of his autobiography, the Babad Dipanagara as well as a number of other Javanese sources. Dutch and British records, in particularly the Residency Archives of Yogyakarta and Surakarta currently kept in the Indonesian National Archives, provide the backbone of this scholarly work. The book will be read with profit by all those interested in the rise of Western colonial rule in Indonesia, the fate of indigenous cultures in an age of imperialism and the role of Javanese Islam in modern Indonesian history. Peter Carey is one of Britain’s foremost historians of Southeast Asia.

LINGUISTICS

A grammar of the Bedouin dialects of central and southern Sinai /by Rudolf E. de Jong.  de Jong completes his description of the Bedouin dialects of the Sinai Desert of Egypt by adding the present volume. Quoting from his own extensive material and using a total of 95 criteria for comparison, De Jong applies the method of ‘multi-dimensional scaling’ and his own ‘step-method’ to arrive at a subdivision into eight (of which seven are ‘Bedouin’) typological groups in Sinai. An appendix with 68 maps and dialectrometrical plots completes the picture.

LITERATURE

From oral to written: a celebration of Indigenous literature in Canada, 1980-2010 /Tomson Highway. Highway’s From Oral to Written is a catalogue of amazing books that sparked the embers of a dormant voice. From Oral to Written is the story of the Native literary tradition, written – in multiple Aboriginal languages, in French, and in English – by a brave, committed, hard-working, and inspired community of exceptional individuals – from the Haida Nation to the Mi’kmaq of Cape Breton. A leading Aboriginal author, Highway surveys the first wave of Native writers published in Canada, highlighting the most gifted authors and the best stories they have told, offering non-Native readers access to reconciliation and understanding, and at the same time engendering among Native readers pride in a stellar body of work.

PHILOSOPHY

The Cambridge companion to Wittgenstein /edited by Hans Sluga, David G. Stern. In this volume, leading experts chart the development of his work and clarify the connections between its different stages. The essays, which are both expository and original, address central themes in Wittgenstein’s writing on a wide range of topics, particularly his thinking about the mind, language, logic, and mathematics. The contributors illuminate the character of the whole body of work by focusing on key topics. This revised edition includes a new introduction, five new essays – on Tractarian ethics, Wittgenstein’s development, aspects, the mind, and time and history – and a fully updated comprehensive bibliography.

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

Origen’s Hexapla and fragments: papers presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, [July] 25th-3rd August 1994 /edited by Alison Salvesen.

Explorations in the anthropology of religion:  essays in honour of Jan van Baal /edited by W. E. A. van Beek and J. H. Scherer. In order to arrange the papers around a theme that has never ceased to fascinate van Baal, we have asked the contributors to concentrate on a religious subject. The topics of the three sections by no means represent an exhaustive inventory of all fields van Baal has successfully explored.

Ibn Taymiyya’s theodicy of perpetual optimism /by Jon Hoover. This comprehensive study of Muslim jurist Ibn Taymiyya’s (d. 1328) theodicy of perpetual optimism exposits and analyses his writings on God’s justice and wise purpose, divine determination and human agency, the problem of evil, and juristic method in theological doctrine.

SOCIAL STUDIES

Marmaduke Pickthall: Islam and the modern world /edited by Geoffrey Nash. This new volume of essays marks eighty years since the death of Marmaduke Pickthall. His various roles as translator of the Qur’an, traveller to the Near East, political journalist writing on behalf of Muslim Turkey, and creator of the Muslim novel are discussed. Marmaduke Pickthall: Islam and the Modern World makes an important contribution to the field of Muslims in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.

White like me: reflections on race from a privileged son /Tim Wise. With a new preface and updated chapters, White Like Me is part memoir, part polemical essay collection. It is a personal examination of the way in which racial privilege shapes the daily lives of white Americans in every realm: employment, education, housing, criminal justice, and elsewhere. Using stories from his own life, Wise demonstrates the ways in which racism not only burdens people of color, but also benefits, in relative terms, those who are ‘white like him.’ He discusses how racial privilege can harm whites in the long run and make progressive social change less likely. He explores the ways in which whites can challenge their unjust privileges, and explains in clear and convincing language why it is in the best interest of whites themselves to do so. Using anecdotes instead of stale statistics, Wise weaves a narrative that is at once readable and yet scholarly, analytical and yet accessible.

Your heart is the size of your fist: a doctor reflects on ten years at a refugee clinic /Martina Scholtens, MD. Your Heart is the Size of Your Fist draws readers into the complicated, poignant, and often-overlooked daily happenings of a busy urban medical clinic for refugees. By turns humorous, distressing, and moving, these stories offer insight into the people seeking a new life in Canada while navigating poverty, language barriers, and Canadian neighbours who aren’t always friendly. This collection is filled with hope and humour, and is a deeply moving portrait of how one doctor attempts to provide quality care and advocacy for patients while remaining culturally sensitive, even as she wrestles with guilt, awareness of her own privilege, and vicarious trauma. Scholtens’ writing explores the transformative moments in which a clinical doctor-patient relationship becomes a profound human-human connection.

 

New Titles Tuesday, February 6

Here is a sample of the 31 eBooks added to the collection in the past week. Click on a title for more information. TWU login may be required

HISTORY

Childhood in the Late Ottoman Empire and after /edited by Benjamin C. Fortna. This volume explores the ways childhood was experienced, lived and remembered in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when rapid change placed unprecedented demands on the young.

East and West in the Roman Empire in the fourth century: an end to unity? /edited by Roald Dijkstra, Sanne van Poppel, Daniëlle Slootjes. East and West in the Roman Empire of the Fourth Century examines the (dis)unity of the Roman Empire in the fourth century from different angles, in order to offer a broad perspective on the topic and avoid an overvaluation of the political division of the empire in 395. Despite developments to the contrary, it appears that the Roman Empire remained (to be viewed as) a unity in all strata of society.

Expectations unfulfilled: Norwegian migrants in Latin America, 1820-1940 /Steinar A. Sæther. Scholars from Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico, Norway, Spain and Sweden study the experiences of Norwegian migrants in Latin America between the Wars of Independence and World War II.

The hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire edited by Umar Ryad. The  volume focuses on the political perceptions of the Hajj, its global religious appeal to Muslims, and the European struggle for influence and supremacy in the Muslim world in the age of pre-colonial and colonial empires. Viewing this age of empires through the lens of the Hajj puts it into a different perspective, by focusing on how increasing European dominance of the globe in pre-colonial and colonial times was entangled with Muslim religious action, mobility, and agency. The study of Europe’s connections with the Hajj therefore tests the hypothesis that the concept of agency is not limited to isolated parts of the globe. By adopting the “tools of empires,” the Hajj, in itself a global activity, would become part of global and trans-cultural history.

The story of the Canadian people /by David M. Duncan.  The aim of this book is to tell the story of our country simply, yet without sacrificing historical content to simplicity. The Story is one of colonisation. It tells of failure and success ; of French failure through the folly of absolutism, monopoly, and feudalism ; of British success through the wisdom of self-government, freedom, and equality. Canada’s past is richly stored with those picturesque incidents which make history fascinating as well as instructive.

POLITICAL STUDIES

Politicizing digital space: theory, the Internet, and renewing democracy /Trevor Garrison Smith. The objective of this book is to outline how a radically democratic politics can be reinvigorated in theory and practice through the use of the internet. The author argues that politics in its proper sense can be distinguished from anti-politics by analyzing the configuration of public space, subjectivity, participation, and conflict. By explicitly interpreting contemporary theories of the political in terms of the internet, this analysis avoids the twin traps of both technological determinism and technological cynicism. Raising awareness of what the word ‘politics’ means, the author develops theoretical work by Arendt, Rancière, Žižek and Mouffe to present a clear and coherent view of how in theory, politics can be digitized and alternatively how the internet can be deployed in the service of truly democratic politics.

The springs of democracy: national and transnational debates on constitutional reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish parliaments, 1917-1919 /Pasi Ihalainen. This volume compares British, German, Swedish and Finnish debates on revolution, rule by the people, democracy and parliamentarism and their transnational links.

RELIGIOUS STUDIES

The gospel of Barnabas /edited and translated from the Italian ms. in the Imperial library at Vienna by Lonsdale and Laura Ragg.  Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century the Gospel of Barnabas aroused considerable interest among the learned in England, to whom two different copies of the document were known and, to a certain extent, accessible. Spanish. One of, these was the Italian text, which we now publish for the first time in the ensuing pages.

The Latin New Testament: a guide to its early history, texts, and manuscripts /H.A.G. Houghton. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the history and development of the Latin New Testament and a user’s guide to the resources available for research and further study.

The Old Testament parables /John MacDougall.

SOCIAL STUDIES

Capital, state, empire: the new American way of digital warfare /Scott Timcke. Guided by the radical political economy tradition, this book offers an analysis of the USA’s historical impulse to weaponize communication technologies. Scott Timcke explores the foundations of this impulse and how the militarization of digital society creates structural injustices and social inequalities. He analyses how new digital communication technologies support American paramountcy and conditions for worldwide capital accumulation. At the same time he demonstrates how the American security state represses activists—such as Black Lives Matter—who resist this emerging security leviathan. The book also critiques the digital positivism behind the algorithmic regulation used to control labour and further diminish prospects for human flourishing for the ‘99%’. Capital, State, Empire contributes to a broader understanding of the dynamics of global capitalism and political power in the early 21st century

China: promise or threat? : a comparison of cultures /by Horst J. Helle. In China: Promise or Threat? Helle compares the cultures of China and the West through both private and public spheres. The book’s twelve chapters investigate the causes and effects of threats to the environment, military confrontations, religious differences, fundamentals of cultural history, and the countries’ orientations for finding solutions to societal problems, all informed by the Confucian impulse to recapture the lost splendour of a past versus faith in progress toward a blessed future.

Islam in a post-secular society: religion, secularity and the antagonism of recalcitrant faith /by Dustin J. Byrd. Islam in the Post-Secular Society critically examines the unique challenges facing Muslims in Europe and North America. From the philosophical perspective of the Frankfurt School’s critical theory, this book attempts not only to diagnose the current problems stemming from a marginalization of Islam in the secular West, but also to offer a proposal for a Habermasian discourse between the religious and the secular. By highlighting historical examples of Islamic and western rapprochement, and rejecting the ‘clash of civilization’ thesis, the author attempts to find a ‘common language’ between the religious and the secular, which can serve as a vehicle for a future reconciliation.

Knowledge in the age of digital capitalism: an introduction to cognitive materialism /Mariano Zukerfeld. Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism proposes a new critical theory concerning the functioning of capitalism and how we consider knowledge and information. This ambitious book systematically and lucidly introduces contemporary phenomena into the framework of cognitive materialism to address some of the great themes of the social sciences: knowledge, exploitation and social class in an account of capitalism as totality in the present day. Zukerfeld reinvigorates materialist study of communications, presenting a typology of knowledge to explain the underlying material forms of information, intellectual property and cognitive work in contemporary societies. The book offers nothing less than an introduction to the theory of cognitive materialism and an account of the entirety of the digital (or knowledge) capitalism of our time.

A new dawn for the second sex: women’s freedom practices in world perspective /Karen Vintges. Drawing on notions of Beauvoir, as well as Michel Foucault, this book outlines a ‘feminism in a new key’ which consists of women’s various freedom practices, each hunting the Hydra of patriarchy in their own key – but with mutual support.

The spectacle 2.0: reading Debord in the context of digital capitalism /edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano. Spectacle 2.0 recasts Debord’s theory of spectacle within the frame of 21st century digital capitalism. It offers a reassessment of Debord’s original notion of Spectacle from the late 1960s, of its posterior revisitation in the 1990s, and it presents a reinterpretation of the concept within the scenario of contemporary informational capitalism and more specifically of digital and media labour. It is argued that the Spectacle 2.0 form operates as the interactive network that links through one singular (but contradictory) language and various imaginaries, uniting diverse productive contexts such as logistics, finance, new media and urbanism. Spectacle 2.0 thus colonizes most spheres of social life by processes of commodification, exploitation and reification. All contributions included in this book rework the category of the Spectacle to present a stimulating compendium of theoretical critical literature in the fields of media and labour studies.

Tang Junyi: Confucian philosophy and the challenge of modernity /by Thomas Frohlich. The present study proposes a critical examination of the modern Confucian project developed by the exiled philosopher Tang Junyi (1909-1978). Tang’s comprehensive reinterpretation of Confucianism ranks among the most ambitious philosophical projects in modern Chinese history.

Women’s status and gender relations in post-genocide Rwanda[electronic resource]: focusing on the local and everyday life level /Josephine Mukabera. This study appraises changes related to the women’s status and gender relations in five districts representing five provinces of Rwanda. The main question of this study asks “what changes in gender relations at the local level are going together with the high number of women participating in parliament and government of Rwanda”? This study came up with evidence of changes in gender relations at the grassroots level.

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