{"id":143,"date":"2018-01-21T17:16:11","date_gmt":"2018-01-21T17:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/?p=143"},"modified":"2018-01-21T18:59:22","modified_gmt":"2018-01-21T18:59:22","slug":"learning-activity-3-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/2018\/01\/21\/learning-activity-3-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Learning Activity 3.2"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"GgFxaL2ISR\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/ldrs591-sp18\/unit-3-learning-activities\/\">Unit 3 Learning Activities<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Unit 3 Learning Activities&#8221; &#8212; Leadership 591: Scholarly Inquiry\" src=\"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/ldrs591-sp18\/unit-3-learning-activities\/embed\/#?secret=HwnOhne9WA#?secret=GgFxaL2ISR\" data-secret=\"GgFxaL2ISR\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><b>Article title<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Authors<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Julia Neugebauer, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">J\u00fcrgen Wittsiepe, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monika Kasper-Sonnenberg, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nina Sch\u00f6neck, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Developmental Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Axel Sch\u00f6lmerich, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Developmental Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Michael Wilhelm, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Vol. 218 Issue. 1, 2015 pp. 153 &#8211; 162 \u00a9 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ADHD is a diagnosed at a very high rate.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This study investigates the relationship between exposure to PCDD\/Fs and PCBs and lead on attention performance in children. It is the first study to the author\u2019s knowledge of prenatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs and PCBs and consequently how it impacts the exposed children with respect to attention performance in school. Exposure to to these neurotoxicants are thought to be contributing elements to the diagnoses of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Methods<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Sample and Participant Selection<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study, a study measured blood levels of PCDD\/Fs, PCBs and lead in expecting mothers during their 32nd week of pregnancy. \u00a0Levels of PCDD\/Fs, PCBs and lead in the breast milk of mothers 2 weeks postpartum were measured. 117 school-age children with an average age of 8.5 participated in the KITAP testing. \u00a0114 school-age children with an average age of 9.5 completed the computer FBB-ADHS testing. \u00a0Participant selection included pre-screening the children using the Wechsler Intelligence scale. \u00a0One child was eliminated that exhibited an intelligence quotient of less than 80. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Assessments and Measures<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">School-aged children were tested for attention span using a questionnaire that was filled out by parents and through a computer-based test battery of attention performance (KITAP). Researchers used a multiple regression analysis to determine if exposure to these compounds influenced attention spans.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Results<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The results showed that an increased exposure to PCDD\/F and PCB did not significantly impact the ADHD-related behaviours. They found that ADHD-related behaviours were affected by prenatal lead exposure. Increasing lead exposure, resulted in increased ADHD related behaviours.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Discussion<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The study highlights the influence of prenatal PCDD\/F, PCB and lead exposure on behaviours that are associated with ADHD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Limitations of the Present Study<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sample size was somewhat small. \u00a0It is recommended that a longer post natal study be conducted to determine the effect of exposure to neurotoxicants over a longer period of time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusions and Future Prospects<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/F and PCB can influence or increase the ADHD behaviours in young and otherwise healthy children. Research indicates that environmental contaminants can be a factor in affecting the development of healthy children. Beyond dietary choice or knowledgeable exposure, women and children can be unknowingly exposed to harmful neurotoxicants. While it is clear that diet, (nutritional factors, the amount of processed food consumed, or chemical additives ingested) plays an important role, it is clear that factors other than diet and nutrition can play a role in the healthy development of children. It is probable that there are many other causal factors involved in the development of attention related disorders. The causes of attention related disorders are complex and possibly interrelated, and it is clear that the potential influence of external factors such as environmental organic pollutants cannot be ignored.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Reference:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Psychological Association (2010). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Publication manual of the American Psychological Association<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Neugebauer, J., Wittsiepe, J., Kasper-Sonnenberg, M., Sch\u00f6neck, N., Sch\u00f6lmerich, A., &amp; Wilhelm, M. (2015). The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children: Results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Journal Of Hygiene &amp; Environmental Health<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">218<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1), 153-162. doi:10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.005<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unit 3 Learning Activities Article title &nbsp; The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children. &nbsp; Authors Julia Neugebauer, (Department of Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universit\u00e4tsstra\u00dfe 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany) J\u00fcrgen Wittsiepe, (Department of Hygiene, Social &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/2018\/01\/21\/learning-activity-3-2\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Learning Activity 3.2&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":194,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,34,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ldrs591","category-learning-activity-3-2","category-unit-3"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/194"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=143"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":147,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/143\/revisions\/147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/create.twu.ca\/sadiethompson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}