Author: layla

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Light From Many Lamps: The Mind with Interesting Pictures on the Walls

There are five stories impressed me of the previous two parts. Finally, I chose the story of William Lyon Phelps due to the personal respect to this great man, who has been the role model of my life for more than 10 years. I want to be a teacher as inspiring as he was, and a person as wise as he was.

Being the most popular professor at Yale, Mr Phelps taught English Literature and his course was well attended on campus. The students were attracted by his engaging speaking style and his passion involved with what he taught. I knew him for reading his teaching stories many years ago. I could vaguely remember his words that a real gentle would respect the people who can be of no possible value to him. At that time, I was surprised that there was someone who could depict the way of being modest and having courtesy so concisely and clearly. I sensed that he must be a particularly attractive and wise man for those novel ideas and unique thoughts. He taught me many things which had influenced me far more than I knew in my life. For example, the words of him,  when you do not succeed at first, go to find out if the losers get anything, inspired me to take account of different perspectives or facets for one thing when dealing with difficulties or making decisions. Also, I learnt how to speak and act with deep humility from him and have gained well interpersonal relationship. Basically, I have been trying to master and intentionally cultivate all the skills and traits of leadership presented by him.

Before I read the book, I had no idea about his story with President Timothy Dwight. I was delighted to find out that Mr Phelps was attracted and influenced by another great man. I read the role of influence involved in leadership last week and considered that a good leadership style could make leaders through unconscious influence. This should be the most significant power of influence in the process of leadership. Those eloquent words said by the great man he admired stayed with him and shaped his life and ambitions (Watson, 1951). And I was influenced by him the same way. Realizing this power of influence makes me more confident to believe in leadership.

The story of Mr Phelps also enhanced my faith in my profession of teaching. He made it clear that education could bring not only knowledge but also happiness. He wrote:

“Advanced education may or may not make men and women more

efficient; but it enriches personality, increases the wealth of the mind, and

hence brings happiness. It is the finest insurance against old age, against

the growth of physical disability, against the lack and loss of animal

delights. (Watson, 1951, p. 21)”

I was deeply impressed by these words. I printed them immediately and hung the paper on the wall. They were like the shining beacon I had been waiting for the whole time. Mr Phelps had given education a deeper meaning and a meaningful task to the educators at the same time. And I am honour to execute the task, to help more people acquire intellectual or artistic tastes, to help them furnish the minds and hang more attractive and interesting pictures in their minds, like the pictures hung in my mind by Mr Phelps.

Reference

Watson, L. E. (1951). Light from Many Lamps.  New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.

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Unit 2, Learning Activity 3

I got 53.9 on Leadership Trait Questionnaire; as for Leadership Theory, I got 22 on Technical skill, 26 on Human skill, and 28 on Conceptual skill; then the Style Questionnaire, 45.6 on task score and 38 on relationship score.

I think the results could typically represent my self-concept from my perspective. I know my weaknesses, and clearly, they are revealed in the results. But I was surprised when I saw my scores on Leadership Trait Questionnaire from the other two colleagues. Accidentally, They both rated me nearly 60. The scores they rated me on Trustworthy, Dependable, Outgoing, and Empathic were much higher than the ones rated by myself. I asked them and they insisted that those were exactly their perceptions of me.

I recalled something I learnt from Social Psychology that the perception of what you are from other people can be different from what you are to yourself (Myers & Smith, 2012). Reflecting the self-concept pictured by myself, I know I always feel inferior about getting along with other people. Therefore, I usually try hard to connect with them and cannot assess my performance correctly. At the same time, it is hard for me to ask them their feelings about me. Consequently, the perceptions were not congruent. It is brilliant that the textbook recommends the leader have another five people (e.g., roommates, coworkers, friends) complete the questionnaires as well (Northouse, 2016). Leaders can obtain different perspectives to add colour to the picture of their self-concepts. Also, it is constructive for leaders to realize their potential deficiencies from the discrepancies of the results and to correct them in turn. Moreover, I would like to add that it does not have to be five other people to complete the Questionnaires. I would like to suggest the more the better.

Reference

Myers, D. G., & Smith, S. M. (2012). Exploring social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

https://create.twu.ca/ldrs500/unit-2-themes-theories-and-concepts/unit-2-learning-activities/

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Follow the leader

I have been following Yonghao Luo on Weibo, which is called Chinese Twitter, for more than 8 years. He has been engaged in several professional fields and all gained great success. For example, he was a famous English teacher in China from 2001 to 2006, and I can still catch the comments under his weibo that some students even keep his teaching materials till now and spread them to the next generations. Then, he founded Bullog in 2006 and it had become the most famous and fabulous blog site in China. The Bullog site had been fought for three years and was forced to shut down by the government for being advocating the freedom of speech. From 2009 to 2011, he lectured at universities in China and gave students the most inspiring speech. The students admired his ideas and were fans of his opinions, and his books were sold out in a minute. After the lectures, he found that the most important thing for him was to build national confidence. So, Mr Luo built up Smartisan Company in 2012 and started to design smartphone. The Smartisan T1 designed by him is the first Chinese smartphone which has won the Gold Award of IF Product Design Award in Germany.

Here is the link to his social media account in Weibo https://weibo.com/laoluoyonghao?refer_flag=1001030101_

There are two famous ideas of him that inspire me most in my work and daily life.

The first one is that he always quotes the famous words of Isaac Newton “I am just standing on the shoulders of giants” (Gleick & Alexanderson, 2005) when he succeeds or gets compliments. When he was an English teacher, a motherly old teacher listened to one of his class and praised him for his intelligent idea in teaching. Mr Luo said that he could not come out with those teaching methods without the numerous work done by other teachers. No matter being a teacher or the CEO of a company, he always puts others first instead of taking all the credit. Human beings are naturally striving for social recognition and career advancement (Myers & Smith, 2012). Therefore, it is hard for an individual to step back and to put other first when making achievements. Although he is not engaging in teaching, he has been my professional role model for all these years. I have not only applied some of his ideas to my teaching method but also have learnt his attitude towards work.

The second one is his idea about how to keep being logical and ethical rather than losing oneself in the fame. In the Smartisan T1 press event, Mr Luo announced to major media reporters that he could not approve for the ironic saying of him owning countless fans and followers (). He regarded them as individuals who were pursuing some kind of faith, dream, and attitude towards life rather than fans and followers of himself. And he has never disappointed anyone for always being righteous, considerate and sincere. Now Mr Luo’s company has to compete with other peer companies to survive in the market, but he never tries to steal ideas from other organizations or cheats the consumers. It seems that he knows who he is clearly and is always being self-conscious for the whole time. I am trying to act the same way in my work and life. As a teacher, I am getting used to being surrounded by many students even after class. And I keep telling myself that it is my attitude and professional capability recognized and admired by them, not myself. I can show my appreciation to them through the way of being more professional and ethical in my work. This is what I have learnt and motivated from Mr Luo.

Since the followers have already being particularly motivated and inspired by Mr Luo, I would like to suggest him improve his relationship with the publicities. It is extremely helpful for his ideas to circulate widely and would not be distorted in an unfriendly way. According to what happened in the past, some of his opinions were intentionally misrepresented in the newspapers. Without social media at that time, some followers were disappointed in him and stopped trusting him, yet some followers trusted him too much and were misled in a wrong way. In order to better motivate the followers, it is crucial for him to make sure that his ideas are reported precisely and correctly. In addition, the government might not have so much prejudice against him.

Based on my observation of him, Mr Luo has definitely manifested several typical servant leader behaviours (Northouse, 2016). He always puts the followers first; he spares no efforts to help the followers or team members grow and succeed; he behaves ethically and uprightly; he loves to empower the followers to be independent and self-sufficient; he is creating value not only for the community but also for the entire nation. Maybe this is why I like him so much because servant leadership has always been my faith in the professional work. In my opinion, being a competent teacher means being a wonderful servant leader, and this is the requirement I set up for myself. Mr Luo is the man who initially guided me to be a teacher and inspired me to embed servant leadership in my work although I knew nothing about servant leadership several years ago. I would love to explore more in the field of servant leadership and to achieve my standard of being a wonderful servant leader in the way Mr Luo is behaving.

References

Gleick, J., & Alexanderson, G. L. (2005). Isaac Newton. The Mathematical Intelligencer, 27(3), 74-76.

Myers, D. G., & Smith, S. M. (2012). Exploring social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

 

 

 

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Unit 1, Learning Activity 5

1. Emotional Healing

Example: I think my husband is playing the servant leader role in my entire family, which includes my parents, his parents, and other relatives. When my parents got divorced two years ago, I was completely depressed and my parents were frustrated as well. I could not offer my help and understand to them, and they were unable to comfort me as well. Even my husband’s parents were confused about the whole thing. He briefly explained to his parents to seek support and understanding, and then he spent as much time as he could to stay with me. He tried everything to make me talk to him,  he even learnt the related knowledge of psychology to solve my emotional issues. In the meantime, he had to cope with my unstable parents separately. He comforted my mother and made my father calm. I appreciated that he never blamed me for being with depressive disorder, and he told me that he had become a better person after undergoing all these things.

2. Putting Followers First

Example: One of my teachers in high school, Mrs Chen, is an example of how a leader puts followers first. The students in China are under great pressure of endless examinations. After being assigned as our reading teacher, she required all of us to write daily note about our concerns and feelings. There were 64 students in the class. In addition to correcting our papers and tests, she kept reading our notes day by day. She wanted to find out what her students were worried about and spent a lot of time to chat with the students individually. We all knew that Mrs Chen always missed her lunch and supper, but she never allowed us to miss any meal. She placed what we needed and concerned higher than her needs.

3. Empowering

Example: I am a lecturer in an organization and my job is providing skills and passing the technical knowledge to the employees. Last year, I found the content of my course outdated and the timetable overlapped with another teacher. We reported the situation to our new manager. Instead of arranging the courses and assigning the timetable to us like the previous manager did, the new leader told us we could decide the content by ourselves and negotiate the time with each other. He just needed us to hand in the whole timetable and teaching plan after our decisions. We were thrilled when we heard him, and the new teaching plan satisfied all the lecturers. We became more involved during teaching, and the responses of the staff were positive and delightful.

Among all three principles, the most challenging one for me is emotional healing. I chose this one for concerning that my depression disorder might be the barrier in the process of emotional healing. Although I am not depressed now, I perceive that I am still reluctant to open my heart and share my feelings with the other people at times. I am a good listener, and all my friends enjoying staying with me. But the emotional healing is a two-way event (Northouse, 2016), I am afraid that I cannot make the best of the healing for the team when I could only use it as a one-way approach. I am working on this mental issue and I believe that I could be a competent servant leader in the very near future.

My question: Which characteristics of a servant leader do you possess?

Reference

Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

Unit 1 Learning Activities

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Unit 1, Learning Activity 4

Part 1: Assigned Leaders And Emergent Leaders

The assigned leader is an individual occupying a position in an organization, and the emergent leader is the most influential member of the group or the organization (Northouse, 2016). I think it is worth noticing that the emergent leader does not have to be the assigned leader. In another word, the emergent leader might be the assigned leader or might be someone else in the group. Moreover, the assigned leader is decided by the upper leaders, yet the emergent leader is recognized by the other members of the group.

Back to the days when I was playing piano in the orchestra of the university, our teacher was playing the role of assigned leader. She assigned us heavy tasks of practice every day and was extremely grumpy when we were slightly underperforming. Basically, all the members in the orchestra were exhausted and reluctant to play. One day, the teacher was somehow late to show up in the practice room. All the members just sat on their seats or the ground and chatted with each other. Clearly, everyone deliberately avoided talking about practice. Then I walked toward my piano and played the first note. I could feel them stopping talking and staring at me. Without asking me to stop or questioning my action, they just stayed quiet for a while. I looked back at them and tried to tell them that we were practising for ourselves rather than the teacher. They followed me eventually, and the teacher was totally surprised when she walked in. After that day, no matter how hard the practice and how long the time we had practised, no one complained and felt frustrated. I could feel the trust from them when I was sitting in front of my piano. They had told me that I gave them courage and reason to keep playing, and as long as I played they would follow me. Although the teacher was the assigned leader, I understood that I was the emergent leader at that time. Furthermore, it is the emergent leader who can emotionally sustain the whole group and genuinely encourage the members to show their best.

Part 2: Management and Leadership

There is some commonality between management and leadership. First, both leadership and management entail working with people; second, they value goal accomplishment; third, they both involve influence (Northouse, 2016).

On the other hand, management is about providing order and consistency and seeking stability, but leadership is about seeking adaptive and constructive change and producing movement (Northouse, 2016). Northouse (2016) also demonstrated main activities of management and leadership through a figure adapted from Kotter (1990). For instance, management involves planning and budgeting, organizing and staffing, and controlling and problem solving; leadership contains establishing direction, motivating and inspiring, and aligning people (Northouse, 2016).

To be more specific, managers could establish agendas, set timetables, and allocate resources for planning and budgeting. They could provide structure, make job placements, and establish rules and procedures to achieve organizing and staffing. In order to control and solve problem, managers could develop incentives, generate creative solutions, and take corrective actions (Northouse, 2016). As for leaders, they could create the vision, clarify big pictures, and set strategies to establish direction for the team; they communicate goals, seek commitment, and build teams and coalitions to aligning people; they are also good at inspiring and energizing, empowering followers, and satisfying unmet needs.

Evidently, both management and leadership are essential for an organization to prosper. I could not identify the most significant approach in my heart. Then I read the sentence “Leaders change the way people think about what is possible” (Northouse, 2016, p. 15). This idea, which could also be illustrated as inspiring, actually serves as the most decisive factor for an organization to win and prosper. Therefore, I believe the approaches to motivating and inspiring are the most essential ones for an organization.

My question: how would you understand the idea of Bennis and Nanus (1985), “Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing” (p. 221)?

References

Bennis, W. G., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row.

Kotter, J. P. (1990). A force for change: How leadership differs from management. New York: Free Press.

Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

 

Unit 1 Learning Activities

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Unit 1, Learning Activity 3

The author has defined leadership as “a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal” (Northouse, 2016, p. 6). Clearly, there are four components contained in the definition.

The first one is the process. I could not agree more with Northouse defining leadership as a process. Leadership is working at least for a period and requires responses from both leaders and followers. It is not enough for leadership being effective for just a moment or a minute. In addition, I think the process contributes to the outcome pursued by leaders and followers. Although the outcome may turn out to be completely different, the endeavour contained in the process matters the most. And the endeavour actually means the all the reactions caused by leadership. Moreover, I believe the energy flow is implied in the process. The energy flow does not only mean extrinsic communication, also means sharing the intrinsic feeling, need, aspiration, and so on. Leadership allows the energy of each individual to be seen and accepted by the other ones. In another word, the leaders and followers could perceive and exchange their energy smoothly in the process.

The second one is the influence. Besides all the points illustrated by the author in the textbook, I would like to add that this component is mostly talking about a linear, one-way event. Influence emphasizes the effects that the leaders have on the followers.

The third one is the group context. I think the importance of the group context to the leadership is like that of the soil to the flower. The group context is where the leadership takes place.

The last component is the goal attainment. I like the word “mutual” in the textbook. It shows that both leaders and followers in the group are sharing the something in common, which means all of them would working together to achieve the common goal. Having a mutual purpose is the best way to motivate everyone and to encourage them to show their best performance during the process. Also, it is worth mentioning that the goal attainment is resonated with the process.

At last, I would like to share my understanding of power. The author has thoroughly explained the types and effects of the power. As far as I am concerned, there are two more aspects that should be noticed. First, we need to admit the existence of power and accept it. The power implied in the leadership can be intimidating to both leaders and followers. Therefore, facing it is far more important than intentionally ignoring or avoiding it. Second, it is crucial to be aware of the attitude towards the power. To be more specific, the leaders have to wield the power in a right way, and the followers could be influenced willingly. This is the reasonable and logical way to make the best use of the power.

My question: Above all the five components, which one would you value the most?

Reference

Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.

https://create.twu.ca/ldrs500/unit-1/unit-1-learning-activities/

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Unit 10, Response

This is a response to Jamie-Lee  Keith’s post https://create.twu.ca/jlkeith/learning-activity-10-3/

Question: Would you, a consumer, be less inclined to take a highly credible journal article as legitimate if it was by someone who once published something subpar?

My answer would be it depends. I like this question because Jamie-Lee has implicitly mentioned that checking the previous studies of the authors is a good way to examine the credibility of the current study and the researchers. As to this question, I would not be less inclined or more inclined. First, I think the evaluation is a much more comprehensive work than we think it would be. It is just like the decision-making procedure which evidently comprises the consideration of many aspects and personal preferences. Therefore, it is necessary and reasonable to consider the previous work. Second, this question contains the evaluation of one’s history. And I think history is more of a reference value. Anything happened in one’s past just represents the past and cannot completely serve as the standard for judging him right now. Third, I would find out the situation when the subpar research was conducted, gather all the details of that research such as where was the author and what he or she was doing at that time, and explore the reason of this study being subpar. In addition, the social context should be added to the consideration. There might be the possibility of the author being compromised by some organizations or the government at that time, just like the examples illustrated in the TED by Ben Goldacre. Definitely, the author was untrustworthy at that time and that study was under performed. But if the current study could stand up to the open scrutiny and is evaluated authentic and credible, then I deem that it is a highly credible journal article and use it for reference without hesitation.

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Unit 10, Learning activity 10.3

Honestly, I thought I knew all the answers to the questions posted by our instructor Professor Strong in this learning activity. They were what I had learned from the past two months in this course, and basically, they were pretty much like what our Professor had summarized in the Unit 10 Note. For example, examining whether the articles are peer-reviewed, tracing the reputation of both the journal and the author(s), finding out whether the paper has been presented at conferences, looking for the funding source of the research to see if it is prestigious, evaluating each section of the study through the extremely academic and rigorous criteria provided in the textbook (Plano, & Creswell, 2015), figuring out whether the limitations of the research reveal the reality, analyzing the intended audience, and involving critical thinking in the whole procedure, particularly in evaluating the bias hidden in the study, were the essences and also could be the answers to the questions.

Then I watched the video of TED presented by Ben Goldacre. Initially, I was appreciated that he brought up the notion of epidemiology. Epidemiology is quite common in my country because of the prevalence of the Traditional Chinese Medicine. Apparently, there are a lot of unscientific conventions or statements coming from the Traditional Chinese Medicine, and these conventions are still fooling the people right now, even including those Professors and international students. For example, there is a saying that regardless the season and climate, the women cannot take any shower and brush their teeth for a whole month after they give birth to the babies. If the female touched the water in that month, they would get terrible diseases which will be the nightmare of the rest of their life and cannot be easily cured. Even the newspapers are disseminating and bragging about this “Traditionally superior” saying. After that Goldacre (2011) mentioned that “the real science is all about critically appraising the evidence of somebody else’s position”. I have learned four main factors that can be used additionally in evaluating the studies: looking for the reasons for conducting the research rather than the authorities of the authors, examining if the findings are proper science with proper evidence, figuring out whether there is missing data, and focusing on the ethical issue of the study. After that, many examples were illustrated to demonstrate the information of distorted evidence by him. And I was completely shocked. I know the epidemiology all the time but I have never given any thought about the reasons invisibly supporting this phenomenon. If the researchers intentionally distort the evidence, such as moving away half the data, it might be impossible for us to discern the cheating behaviours through the ways mentioned in the first paragraph.

I thought about this “puzzle” for a whole day, and I have found some answers in my mind. The knowledge points mentioned above are the tools for evaluating the various studies. Tools do not think, but we can. In another word, we can use the tools, but we cannot rely on them. We should rely on ourselves. First, we have to learn as much as we can to be knowledgeable in the domain of the research, not only in the domain of evaluating the research. This would serve as a sound basis for discerning the information of the study and make us confident in thinking critically. Second, we should be extremely careful in evaluating every detail of the research and analyzing the reason behind that detail. For instance, we should figure out whether the number of the participants is appropriate and reasonable, and why the researchers chose these participants. Third, we must be aware of any “weird feeling” originating from the evaluating process and keep them in mind. Because sometimes when a group of researchers are cheating together, it will be hard for us to find out the reality just through reading and evaluating. Although we cannot explicitly tell what is wrong with the study, the feelings will be the hints in the future. We must discern our skeptical feelings which might indicate the untrustworthy part of the study.

Not only the tools we gained from this course but also the ability of critical thinking and discerning are all of high significance.

Question: When the evidence of the study is distort intentionally, what strategy might you adopt to find the truth?

Reference

Goldacre, B. (2011). Battling bad science. TEDGlobal 2011. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_battling_bad_science

Plano-Clark, V., & Creswell, J. (2015). Understanding research: A consumer’s guide (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

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Unit 10, Learning activity 10.2

Chaudhuri, Kettunen, and Naskar (2015) illustrate that transformational leadership focuses on how the past experience would influence the actions of the future through innovative ideas and views; and servant leadership emphasizes collective power, collaboration and the empowerment of followers. Furthermore, transformational servant leadership is defined as “the ability to cast a collaborative moral vision while actively caring for those participating in moving the vision to reality” (Parolini, 2012, p. 13). As far as I am concerned, a leader who is embedded in transformational servant leadership style would consciously collaborate and care about his staff at the same time. In order to implement the vision, a transformational servant leader would carefully communicate and guide the staff to make it come true. Parolini (2012) also states that the transformational servant leader will not grasp an opportunity just because it makes him or her instantly feel good. On the contrary, when a transformational servant leader is making decisions, more aspects and different perspectives should be taken into consideration.

Based on what I learned from this course, the evidence-based practice encompasses critical thinking, rigorous evaluation, academic researches, and well-thought-out procedures. In addition, when evidence-based practice is applied to decision making, the various perspectives matter a lot. Apparently, all the features of evidence-based practice resonate with the essential needs of the transformational servant leadership. In order to make the decision more comprehensive, first, a transformational servant leader would collaborate his staff’s ideas; second, the leader would communicate thoroughly with each of them to see their real thoughts and potential needs; third, combining all kinds of perspectives, the transformational servant leader would cultivate a common belief towards both the staff and the organization and completely support personal integration to fulfill the goals (Chaudhuri, Kettunen, & Naskar, 2015). The evidence-based practice could help the leader find sound evidence (such as academic evidence) serving as the theoretical basis for the decision before collaborating the staff’s ideas. Then, the rigorous evaluation and critical thinking could help the leader better analyze the personal needs of the staff in the decision-making process. Furthermore, the various perspectives, which are emphasized in evidence-based practice, play a significant role in decision making of transformational servant leadership as well. After all, the decision made by a transformational servant leader will be aiming at serving both the staff and the organization eventually. The evidence-based decision would be not only rigorous and logical but also thoughtful and mature.

References

Chaudhuri, M. R., Kettunen, J., & Naskar, P. (2015). Transformational and servant leadership: Evidence from Indian higher education. Online J. Qual. High. Educ, 2(4), 93-101.

Parolini, J. (2012). Transformational Servant Leadership. Maitland, Florida: Xulon Press.

https://create.twu.ca/ldrs591-sp18/unit-10-learning-activities/

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Unit 10, Learning Activity 10.1

I would like to restate my original decision that I posted in unit 1. I am one of the mentors in the company and my job is to regularly pass the knowledge and skills required in the work to all the new staff and part of the old staff. Last year, I decided to change their course arrangement to make the timetable perfect for everyone.

Most of the old staff resisted this change at first for thinking that their arrangement for personal time would be changed as well. Therefore, I made a survey and did the research to find out the available time for everyone. I also adjusted the arrangement of different courses to make sure everyone was on the right course and right time. At last, the new timetable was implemented.

After taking this class, based on what I have gained for the last two month, I think I should not have just technically found out their available time through the survey. It would be better for me to consider my decision from other perspectives and then make up my mind. First, I could look for some documents and literature to see if there is a better way to rearrange the course or another way to help the staff. In addition, I could ask my manager to obtain his opinion, talk to my colleagues (the other mentors) to see their perspectives, and “interview” some staff to find out the reasons why they would accept the new timetable or refuse to accept. Furthermore, I would like to make the implementation a spiral process. If there were anything unsuitable during the implementation, I would go back to the problem or the other parts to reconsider and adjust the process. All these procedures and critical thinking above would make the decision more comprehensive and mature.

The most important thing I gained from this course is critical thinking. I have realized that critical thinking should be applied to not only reviewing articles but also decision making and other issues in work and life.

https://create.twu.ca/ldrs591-sp18/unit-10-learning-activities/